The Effect of Time Budget Pressure and Auditor Rotation on Audit Quality with Company Size as A Moderating Variable (An Empirical Study on Non-Banking Financial Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019–2023)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61132/ijema.v2i4.852Keywords:
Audit-Quality, Time-Budget-Pressure, Auditor-Rotation, Firm-SizeAbstract
Audit quality is defined as the likelihood or probability that an auditor will detect and report any violations or misstatements in a client’s financial statements. This study aims to empirically examine the effect of time budget pressure and auditor rotation on audit quality, with firm size as a moderating variable. The research was conducted on non-bank financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2019–2023 period. The study sample consisted of 50 companies selected using purposive sampling, and the data were analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results reveal that time budget pressure and auditor rotation do not have a significant effect on audit quality. Furthermore, firm size does not moderate the relationship between time budget pressure and audit quality, but it does moderate the relationship between auditor rotation and audit quality. These findings underscore the importance of effective time management and auditor rotation policies in maintaining audit quality, particularly for large-scale companies. This study may serve as a useful reference for various stakeholders in understanding the significance of managing time pressure and appropriately implementing auditor rotation to preserve and enhance audit quality.
Downloads
References
Adoption Of The Paris Agreement. (2015). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2021.07.02
Almuaromah, DA, & Wahyono. (2022). The Influence of Environmental Performance, Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Profitability, and Leverage on Carbon Emission Disclosure (Empirical Study of Mining Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2020, 10(1), 578–586.
Amaliyah, I., & Solikhah, B. (2019). The Influence of Environmental Performance and Corporate Governance Characteristics on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Economic, Management, Accounting and Technology, 2(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.32500/jematech.v2i2.720
Angelina, A., & Handoko, J. (2023). The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Audit Committee, and Environmental Performance on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Compartment: Scientific Journal of Accounting, 21(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.30595/kompartemen.v21i1.15834
Angrist, J.D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2015). Mastering metrics: The cause from path to effect. The Effect of Discount Price and Product Perception on Shopping Value and Consumer Purchasing Behavior (Vol. 7).
Apriliana, E. (2019). The Influence of Industry Type, Environmental Performance, and Profitability on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Widyakala Journal, 6(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.36262/widyakala.v6i1.149
Asmeri, R., Ardiany, Y., Sari, R., Suarsa, A., & Sari, L. (2023). Disclosure of Carbon Emissions: Media Exposure, Industry Type, and Profitability of Food and Beverage Companies. Journal of Business and Management Research, 16(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.23969/jrbm.v16i1.7398
Bae Choi, B., Lee, D., & Psaros, J. (2013). An analysis of Australian company carbon emission disclosures. Pacific Accounting Review, 25(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581311318968
Bas, M., Demmou, L., Granco, G., & Garcia-Bernardo, J. (2023). Institutional Shareholding, Common Ownership and Productivity: A Cross-Country Analysis, (791), 1–8.
Cohen, S., Kadach, I., & Ormazabal, G. (2023). Institutional investors, climate disclosure, and carbon emissions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 76(2–3), 101640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2023.101640
Dewayani, NPE, & Ratnadi, NMD (2021). Effect of Environmental Performance, Company Size, Profitability and Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Indonesia Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Indonesia Effect of Environmental Performance, Company Size, Profitability. E-Journal of Accounting, 31, 836–850.Eleshya, PA, & Warnida. (2023). Analysis of the Influence of Company Size, Profitability, Leverage, Managerial Ownership on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 12.
Ghozali, I. (2021). Multivariate Analysis Application with IBM SPSS 26 Program 10th Edition. Diponegoro University Publishing Agency.
Gunawan, OF, & Aryati, T. (2024). The influence of company profitability, liquidity, leverage, environmental performance, and managerial ownership on carbon emissions disclosure. COSTING:Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 7, 7643–7654.
Hapsoro, D., & Falih, ZN (2020). The Effect of Firm Size, Profitability, and Liquidity on the Firm Value Moderated by Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.2102147
Haura, S., & Willy Sri Yuliandhari. (2024). The Influence of Industrial Type, Media Exposure and Institutional Ownership on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(2), 917–933. https://doi.org/10.57178/atestasi.v7i2.874
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An Index and Test of Linear Moderated Mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
Huang, L., Ji, X., Niu, T., & Ou, W. (2025). The Impact of Carbon Information Disclosure Quality on Enterprise Value: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020402
Jannah, R., & Muid, D. (2014). Analysis of Factors that Influence Carbon Emission Disclosure in Companies in Indonesia (Empirical Study of Companies Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2010-2012 Period). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 3(2), 1–11. Retrieved from https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/6164
Khatib, SFA, Ismail, IHM, Salameh, N., Abbas, AF, Bazhair, AH, & Sulimany, HGH (2023). Carbon Emissions and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Management Environmental Training. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310485
Kiswanto, Widhiastuti, R., & Safitri, MA (2023). Institutional Ownership in Encouraging Carbon Emission Disclosure for Mining Companies, Basic Industries and Chemicals in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 14(3), 632–644. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.3(67.03
KLHK. (2022). Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 21 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of Carbon Economic Value. Paper Knowledge . Toward a Media History of Documents, 7(2), 107–115.
Lestari, IS (2024). The Effect of Profitability and Leverage on Carbon Emission Disclosure and Its Impact on Stock Prices. Journal of Accounting, 11.
Liu, Y.S., Zhou, X., Yang, J.H., Hoepner, A.G.F., & Kakabadse, N. (2023). Carbon emissions, carbon disclosure and organizational performance. International Review of Financial Analysis, 90(August), 102846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102846
Loru, TS (2023). The Effect of Industry Type, Media Exposure and Environmental Performance on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Business Accounting, 16, 66–82.
M. C, S. (1995). Managing Legitimacy : Strategic And Institutional Approaches, 20(3), 571–610.
Mahadewi, I., Ayu, A., Made, N., Erawati, A., Ayu, G., Budiasih, N., & Sudana, IP (2023). Carbon Emission Disclosure The Influence of Environmental Performance, Industry Type, and Company Size on. Management Studies and Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(6), 9565–9576.
Maharani, DA, Arofah, AA, Fatimah, IS, & Latifah, T. (2022). Company Size Moderates the Effect of Industry Sensitivity and Profitability on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Accounting Science, 10(3), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v10i3.1482
Mora Rodríguez, M., Flores Muñoz, F., & Valentinetti, D. (2020). Corporate impact of carbon disclosures: a nonlinear empirical approach. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 19(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-01-2020-0002
Mujiani, S., Ahmar, N., & Darmansyah. (2021). The Moderating Role of Profitability on Good Corporate Governance and Sustainability Report Disclosure. Scientific Journal of Accounting and Finance, 4(4), 1382–1396.
Napitupulu, RB, Simanjuntak, TP, Hutabarat, L., Damanik, H., Harianja, H., Sirait, RTM, & Tobing, CERL (2021). Business Research: Techniques and Data Analysis with SPSS - STATA - EVIEWS. Madenatera, 1, 230. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=id&user=T1nJQ0cAAAAJ&citation_for_view=T1nJQ0cAAAAJ:D03iK_w7-QYC
Oestreich, A. M., & Tsiakas, I. (2024). Carbon emissions and firm profitability. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, 0795. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2024.2386476
Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Presidential Regulation Number 98 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Carbon Economic Value for the Achievement of Nationally Determined Contribution Targets and Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in National Development. BPK Regulation Database, 10(1), 279–288.
POJK 51 of 2017 Concerning the Implementation of Sustainable Finance for Financial Services Institutions, Issuers, and Public Companies. (2017).
Polizu, C., Khan, A., Kernan, P., Ellis, T., & Georges, P. (2023). Sustainability Insights: Climate Transition Risk: Historical Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends For Global Industries. S&P Global, (2), 1–31. Retrieved from https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/231122-sustainability-insights-climate-transition-risk-historical-greenhouse-gas-emissions-trends-for-global-indus-12921229
Pratama, YM (2021). Analysis of Determinants of Carbon Emission Disclosure in Indonesia. Modus, 33(2), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.24002/modus.v33i2.4644
Puspita, DA, Ridlo, AS, & Sa'adah, L. (2023). Industry Type, Financial Performance, and Media Exposure as Determinants of Carbon Accounting Disclosure. Measurement Journal of Accounting, 17(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.33373/mja.v17i1.5042
Putri, N.A., Pamungkas, N., & Suryaningsum, S. (2022). The Influence of Institutional Ownership, Environmental Performance, Profitability, and Growth on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Business Accounting, 20(2), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.24167/jab.v20i2.4826
Putri, TBC, & Hermi, H. (2024). The Influence of Industry Type, Media Exposure, Environmental Performance, and Leverage on Carbon Emission Disclosure. AKADEMIC: Journal of Economics & Business Students, 4(3), 996–1010. https://doi.org/10.37481/jmeb.v4i3.862
Qiang, J., Lei, L., Wood, G., & Zhang, D. (2025). Common Institutional Ownership and Corporate Carbon Emissions. British Journal of Management, 36(2), 910–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12878
Ramadhani, P., & Venusita, L. (2020). (Empirical Study on Participating Companies of the Sustainability Report Award 2015-2017). Unesa Accounting Journal, 8(3).
Rosita, VM, Purnawati, I., & Mulyono, RDAP (2024). The Effect of Company Size, Institutional Ownership and Leverage on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Accounting, Taxation and Auditing, 2(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.21009/japa.0201.02
Royston, P. (1992). Shapiro-Wilk and Shapiro-Francia Tests. Stata Technical Bulletin, (July).
Safiullah, M., Alam, MS, & Islam, MS (2022). Do all institutional investors care about corporate carbon emissions? Energy Economics, 115(August 2021), 106376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106376
Sandy, KE, & Ardiana, PA (2023). Disclosure of Carbon Emissions of Energy Companies in Indonesia. E-Journal of Accounting, 33(10), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2023.v33.i10.p04
Saptiwi, NWT (2019). Carbon Emission Disclosure: Examining the Role of Industry Type, Environmental Performance, Company Characteristics and Audit Committee, 17(2), 1–23.
Setiawan, I., Gunawan, A., & Djunaidy. (2022). Analysis of Carbon Gas Emission Disclosure Reviewed. Journal of Business, Logistics and Supply Chain, 2, 9–16. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55122/blogchain.v2i1
Sugiyono. (2021). Qualitative Quantitative Research Methods and R&D. (Sutopo, Ed.). Bandung: ALVABETA; cv.
Syava, B., Zahra, N., Astuti, C.D., Bisnis, E., & Trisakti, U. (2025). The Influence of Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Financial Performance, and Women on Board on Carbon Emission Disclosure, 6(2), 545–555.
Tana, HFP, & Bernadetta, D. (2021). The Effect of Industry Type, Debt Level and Profitability on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Journal of Accounting Students, 10(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.33508/jima.v10i2.3567
Tyas, KZ, Arofah, AA, & Wirawan, NB (2024). The Effect of Industry Type and Gender Diversity on Carbon Emission Disclosure. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Economics and Accounting, 1(2), 60–71.
Utama, MS (2016). Quantitative Analysis Application. CV. Sastra Utama.
Wahyuningrum, IFS, Ihlashul'amal, M., Utami, S., Djajadikerta, HG, & Sriningsih, S. (2024). Determinants of carbon emission disclosure and the moderating role of environmental performance. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2300518
Worth, K. (2023). COP28 Agreement Signals “Beginning of the End” of the Fossil Fuel Era. Retrieved April 13, 2025, from https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-agreement-signals-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-fossil-fuel-era
Xu, A., Su, Y., Wang, Y., & Liao, J. (2025). Carbon information disclosure and corporate financial performance—Empirical evidence based on heavily polluting industries in China. PLOS ONE, 20(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313638
Yu, H. C., Kuo, L., & Ma, B. (2020). The drivers of carbon disclosure: evidence from China's sustainability plans. Carbon Management, 11(4), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1796142
Zahra, ISA, & Aryati, T. (2023). Analysis of Determinants of Carbon Emission Disclosure in Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019 - 2021. Trisakti Journal of Economics, 3, 2067–2076.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.